Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Religion and International Relations Research Paper

Religion and International Relations - Research Paper Example In spite of the fact that the idea of religion is as old as humankind, it is intriguing to take note of that policymakers and administrators have boundlessly overlooked the jobs of religion in the administration of a country and even universal relations. The faction between the East and West has expanded by twofold on account of this very explanation that they neglect to consolidate religion in their exchange, leaving no space for individuals from these two distinct universes to collaborate (Fox and Sandler 2010, p. 2). The substance of this writing won't just look at the significance of religion in worldwide connection as talked about considering academic speculations yet it will likewise examine the methods through which they can use to incorporate religion and use it to make an increasingly amicable society. In spite of the fact that religion has been utilized on various occasions in political setting, however in spite of its incessant use it is difficult to put down this wonder i n to an appropriate definition. Religion is regularly observed as a lot of thoughts or ideas that are immensely nullified by logical examination and are seen to be nonsensical (Philpot et.al 2009). Religion is broadly accepted to be silly, which underlines the negative suppositions against this establishment. Notwithstanding, unfortunately not every person particularly in the Eastern circle concurs with that idea which ends up being the fundamental wellspring of contention. This is on the grounds that Religion is answerable for forming perspectives; as referenced prior, since religion establishes culture it is additionally a piece of an individual’s personality. Religion is additionally used to legitimize essential human rights and political procedures. In addition, most religions have changed into immense associations, similar to the Catholic Church there is an additional strain to pacify and incorporate religions (Fox and Sandler 2010, p.2). Indeed, even verifiably there is a solid tie between connection among's country and religion is that it is the thing that helped the individuals identify with each other. It was a coupling power as it united individuals and helped them delineate right from wrong. Strict perspectives prompted foundations on different notions and fantasies, and with the rising prevalence of science, it just started more discussions and individuals got careful about religion, yet with fear monger assaults the estimations turned out to be progressively antagonistic towards the possibility of religion. Anyway the contention is activated in light of the fact that a large portion of the insightful work done on the issue is incomprehensibly done from Western-driven viewpoint and which is the reason this obtrusive ethnocentricism in strict perspectives has additionally extended the contention. Notwithstanding, as the general public turns out to be increasingly more socially differing and even mindful, there is an additional weight on speci alists to consider according to the protected proviso that qualifies each person for the right to speak freely of discourse, articulation and practices. The most appalling actuality is that in view of the disputable idea of the theme, religion is pretty much rewarded as a frowned upon subject. The advanced dismissal as per Fox and Sandler (2010, p. 10) originates from the marks of disgrace appended with religion that is fanatic, radical and in reverse. There is a requirement for progressively open discourse regarding the matter and an expansion in writing from every one of the three sides; which is the expert religion side, the counter religion and one from an unbiased viewpoint. Policymaking is a significant undertaking as people need to consider assorted necessities of the individuals and religion turns out to be considerably a greater amount of pith as 9/11 yet there are a lot of contention existing in present day that are activated by or has it s base in religion, which will be talked about in later pieces of the writing. The case

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Free Essays on Yucca Mountain

History For over two decades, the Shoshone clan, researchers, tree huggers, the central government, Nevada residents and lawmakers have wrestled over the destiny of Yucca Mountain. Yucca Mountain is situated inside the Western Shoshone Nation and has for some time been a position of incredible profound vitality for the Shoshone clan. The water in the territory is additionally consecrated, all things considered with many desert people groups. Yucca Mountain, and the encompassing region, was never really esteemed government land. As indicated by the 1863 Ruby Valley Treaty that the Shoshone marked with the U.S. government, the greater part of the territory currently utilized by the U.S. military for atomic weapons testing and the proposed squander capacity site was perceived as Shoshone land. Be that as it may, the Shoshone can't control what occurs on their familial land. Rather, administrators keep on attempting to convince the Shoshone to acknowledge money related pay for their territory, which most view as an approach to eclipse local title and deny future land claims. In the late 1970s government researchers started to examine Yucca Mountain as a potential vault for atomic waste, and since 1987 it has been the main site considered for 77,000 tons of spent atomic fuel and other radioactive waste. 98% of all the radioactive waste created by U.S. atomic reactors may before long be set out toward the mountain. There is as of now more atomic waste than the store can hold, except if the 77,000 ton limit is raised. In spite of the fact that the office won't open until 2010 at the most punctual, reactor squander now sitting in pools of water around the nation will fill Yucca Mountain’s passages and leave space for short of what 33% of the government’s atomic safeguard squander, leaving 7,500 tons with no spot to go. Business atomic force plants produce 2,000 tons of significant level waste every year, and when Yucca Mountain would be full in 2035, there would be 42,000 tons of recently created regular citizen squander at reactors around the nation. Th... Free Essays on Yucca Mountain Free Essays on Yucca Mountain THE YUCCA MOUNTAIN NUCLEAR WASTE REPOSITORY After much research and finding out about the Yucca Mountain atomic waste and store, I have increased a lot of information on the circumstance. I will impart to you the realities and what I have realized examining this point, just as the pro’s and con’s and my preferred part, my genuine belief. One would trust that they would discover this theme a fascinating subject. The questionable issue that is happening with the Yucca Mountain territory isn't climate its correct, however a greater amount of what we ought to do with our atomic waste and where to store it. â€Å"In July 2002, president Bush marked a bill assigning the Yucca Mountain site for improvement as a store for the removal of spent atomic fuel and elevated level radioactive waste† (orcwm.doe.gov). A valley not very far away from â€Å"Sin City† otherwise known as Las Vegas, Nevada, there is a remote desert where Yucca Mountain is in for thought for putting away atomic waste. The U.S. Division of Energy started to concentrate around there in 1978 to decide if it would be a better than average spot to contain the nation’s first long haul geologic store for spent atomic fuel and significant level radioactive waste. Spent atomic fuel is the radioactive side-effect of making power business atomic force plants and significant level radioactive waste is side-effect from creation at barrier offices. Be that as it may, in 1982, Congress additionally settled a national approach to take care of the issue of atomic waste removal. This strategy is a government law called the Nuclear Waste Policy congress put together this approach with respect to what most researchers overall concurred the better way that would work to discard the atomic waste that has been amassing throughout the years. Yucca Mountain was not by any means the only spot Congress had at the top of the priority list where to store the atomic waste; they additionally concocted six different states for thought as potential archive destinations. The scientists didn't simply p... Free Essays on Yucca Mountain Presentation: Yucca Mountain is the conceivable site of an atomic storehouse intended to store and discard spent atomic fuel. It is situated in Nye County, Nevada, which is around 100 miles northwest of Las Vegas (this can be seen on Figure #1). This land is governmentally claimed, and situated on the edge of the Department of Energy’s Test Site. The store would be situated in the mountain and be roughly 1000 feet beneath the highest point of the mountain and 1000 feet over the groundwater level. The store will be intended to hold well over the 77,000 tons of atomic waste previously aggregated. In the event that the task gets endorsement, it would be the countries first geographical archive for removal of spent atomic fuel. The Yucca Mountain site was picked for a few reasons. As a matter of first importance, water is the primary methods for moving waste out of an atomic storehouse and into the earth. The Yucca Mountain site is situated in one of the driest and remote places in the United States. The zone gets under 7.5 crawls of downpour every year, and 95 percent of that doesn't arrive at the mountain. The site additionally has numerous normal obstructions, which forestall what little water is accessible from entering the site. The conceivable site is likewise situated on governmentally claimed land, which kills the protracted undertaking of gaining land from the state. There is additionally no hazard that groundwater that serves any of the close by urban areas will be polluted by the site. This is beyond the realm of imagination, on the grounds that the groundwater framework that incorporates Yucca Mountain isn't associated with groundwater of the Las Vegas Valley. The groundwater framework at Yucca Mountain is a segregated pressure driven bowl; that is; it doesn't associate with some other water sources. Separated water driven bowls are an uncommon component, and it is very appropriate for the site. Hence, Yucca Mountain was picked as the conceivable site of the topographical atomic archive. COST: The Yucca Mountain p... Free Essays on Yucca Mountain History For over two decades, the Shoshone clan, researchers, earthy people, the government, Nevada residents and legislators have wrestled over the destiny of Yucca Mountain. Yucca Mountain is situated inside the Western Shoshone Nation and has for some time been a position of ground-breaking otherworldly vitality for the Shoshone clan. The water in the zone is additionally sacrosanct, for what it's worth with many desert people groups. Yucca Mountain, and the encompassing zone, was never really esteemed government land. As indicated by the 1863 Ruby Valley Treaty that the Shoshone marked with the U.S. government, the vast majority of the region currently utilized by the U.S. military for atomic weapons testing and the proposed squander capacity site was perceived as Shoshone land. Be that as it may, the Shoshone can't control what occurs on their tribal land. Rather, officials keep on attempting to convince the Shoshone to acknowledge money related pay for their territory, which most view as an approach to eclipse local title and deny future land claims. In the late 1970s government researchers started to examine Yucca Mountain as a potential storehouse for atomic waste, and since 1987 it has been the main site considered for 77,000 tons of spent atomic fuel and other radioactive waste. 98% of all the radioactive waste created by U.S. atomic reactors may before long be set out toward the mountain. There is as of now more atomic waste than the storehouse can hold, except if the 77,000 ton limit is raised. In spite of the fact that the office won't open until 2010 at the soonest, reactor squander now sitting in pools of water around the nation will fill Yucca Mountain’s passages and leave space for short of what 33% of the government’s atomic guard squander, leaving 7,500 tons with no spot to go. Business atomic force plants produce 2,000 tons of elevated level waste every year, and when Yucca Mountain would be full in 2035, there would be 42,000 tons of recently created regular citizen squander at reactors around the nat ion. Th...

Monday, August 17, 2020

Pupils Beware Poor Quality Essays Frequently Sold Online

Pupils Beware ‘Poor Quality’ Essays Frequently Sold Online Pupils Beware: ‘Poor Quality’ Essays Frequently Sold Online Pupils Beware: ‘Poor Quality’ Essays Frequently Sold Online Some essay writing companies are charging students exorbitant amounts for poorly crafted assignments. According to a report published in The Daily Telegraph, some essay writing companies are charging up to $600 CDN for A-level coursework that is barely literate. Researchers targeted three companies: Custom Essays, UK Essays and UK Essay Writing Services. One of the most shocking finds of the report warned pupils of wasting their money because most of the work was of “poor quality.” While the companies that provide custom-tailored essays are wholly legitimate, many ghost writing services tend to produce essays riddled with typos, misspellings and clumsy sentences. Don’t risk your academic integrity by trusting other companies. Homework Help Canada offers essays custom written by high-quality professionals and qualified experts. Check out our testimonials page for more information. Reference: Paton, G. (2014, September 30). Ofqual: Cheating pupils buying poor quality A-level essays online. Retrieved January 3, 2015, from Pupils Beware ‘Poor Quality’ Essays Frequently Sold Online Pupils Beware: ‘Poor Quality’ Essays Frequently Sold Online Pupils Beware: ‘Poor Quality’ Essays Frequently Sold Online Some essay writing companies are charging students exorbitant amounts for poorly crafted assignments. According to a report published in The Daily Telegraph, some essay writing companies are charging up to $600 CDN for A-level coursework that is barely literate. Researchers targeted three companies: Custom Essays, UK Essays and UK Essay Writing Services. One of the most shocking finds of the report warned pupils of wasting their money because most of the work was of “poor quality.” While the companies that provide custom-tailored essays are wholly legitimate, many ghost writing services tend to produce essays riddled with typos, misspellings and clumsy sentences. Don’t risk your academic integrity by trusting other companies. Homework Help USA offers essays custom written by high-quality professionals and qualified experts. Check out our testimonials page for more information. Reference: Paton, G. (2014, September 30). Ofqual: Cheating pupils buying poor quality A-level essays online. Retrieved January 3, 2015, from

Sunday, May 24, 2020

The Human Body And Diseases Essay - 2132 Words

Scientists and medical researchers have been using animals for many years to gain knowledge about the human body and diseases. Using animals in research is one of the most controversial debates today. Humans no longer need to eat or wear animals to survive, but it is still a debate whether using animals is crucial in medical research. Animals and human structures are only similar in some aspects. The human body is so complex that using animals for research and testing is not the most effective method although using animals in medical research has led to many results in the development of many drugs valuable to humans thus far. Using animals to advance medical research is not always effective and will become unnecessary with alternate methods developed through technology. Animals being used in medical research dates back hundreds of years. According to Nuno Franco physicians in ancient Greece were the first to dissect animals because of the taboo of the dissections of human beings (239). Throughout the years of research and many experiments with many scientist and doctors many questions arose. The people questioned whether it was immoral or humane to use animals for the sake of humans. Along with questions if animals could feel as humans do. Among other questions was if using animals to advance medical research was effective due to the differences in antonym between humans and animals (Franco). By the twentieth century there were many advances in medical knowledge and theShow MoreRelatedKidney Disease And Its Effect On The Human Body1295 Words   |  6 PagesThe kidneys are essential towards the human body; They maintain fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. Also, they excrete waste products, like urine, help control blood pressure, and blood cell production. The nephrons inside the kidneys, responsible for removing waste pr oducts, can become damaged. Thus, will be the start of kidney disease. Chronic Kidney Disease is constant nephron damage for several years. In Addition to the damage of the nephrons there’s a decrease in glomerular filtrationRead MoreCardiovascular Disease And Its Effects On The Human Body3459 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction According to the British Heart Foundation, the definition of cardiovascular disease is, â€Å"all diseases of the heart and circulation, including coronary heart disease (i.e. angina, heart attack), heart failure, congenital heart disease, and stroke. It is also known as heart and circulatory disease (BHF, 2011).† Although there are numerous subtypes of cardiovascular disease they are all interrelated by a common setback. Atherosclerosis, which is the build-up of a fatty streak inside ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Related Disease On Human Body1802 Words   |  8 Pagesthat water-related disease will cause a child dies in every 21 seconds? If you do a calculation here, you will find out that there would be 4320 deaths every day, and approximately 1.5 million deaths annually. Isn’t it a consternating statistic for you? 60 to 70% of a human body is made out of one of the vital elements; water. Therefore, we can survive without food for three weeks, but not water. It is an absolutely different story because every single living cell in the human body does need water forRead MoreUnderstanding Diseases and Developing Cures for the Human Body504 Words   |  2 Pagesfrom a viral disease. Animal testing has been around since ancient times of the Greeks and Romans. Today’s society is in a constant race to understand new diseases and develop cures for the human body. Animal testing has deployed a big part in nearly every medical discovery over the last ten years. They have helped scientists discover treatments for diseases, such as Poliomyelitis and test products such as medicines and others for our safety. It has changed many human lives. â€Å"AmericansRead MoreVaccination Is The Human Body Protect An Individual From Infection Or Disease?1407 Words   |  6 Pagesprevantable diseases. World wide, millions if not billions of people are reprieved from ever being infected by certain diseases and viruses that could kill or leave them scarred even should they survive the virus. The low death toll and spread of diseases are directly connected to the use of vaccination. The main purpose of vaccination is to increase disease immunity among people and large populations. Vaccines teach the human body how to defend against foriegn The vaccine â€Å"teaches† the body how toRead MoreOsteoporosis A Disease That Affects The Human Body Without Any Indications2303 Words   |  10 Pagesplanet. Aging in human life is one of the inevitable things. As we grow older there are physical, psychological and social changes that accompany it. There are various diseases that affect these changes; they are osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, type 2 diabetes, alzheimer’s disease and hypertension. This paper is going to focus on osteoporosis a disease that can initially weaken the human body without any indications. Osteoporosis according to WHO is a skeletal disease that is characterizedRead MoreHistory Of Opitz Syndrome : A Disease Characterized By A Defect Along The Ventral Midline Of The Human Body1630 Words   |  7 PagesOpitz syndrome is a disease characterized by a defect along the ventral midline of the human body. Some of these abnormalities include a cleft lip, heart defects, wide-spaced eye s (hypertelerism), laryngeal cleft, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and hypospadias. An important irregularity in patients is the effect disrupted proteins have on the corpus colloseum. The corpus colloseum is a neuronal component that separates the two halves of the brain. This protein is imperative because it controlsRead MoreVaccination For Disease Control And Prevention1499 Words   |  6 Pagesimmunity to a particular disease. Getting vaccinated is like installing a defense system to protect the body from a particular disease. Unfortunately some people do not properly understand the dangers of not being vaccinated. An article by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that â€Å"The United States experienced a record number of measles cases during 2014, with 667 cases from 27 states reported to CDC s National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. This is the greatestRead MoreComposition of Cardiovascular System1709 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Composition of Cardiovascular System: The cardiovascular system provides a method with which nutrients and waste products are rapidly transported within the human body. While its also referred to as the circulatory system, it also transports hormones, gases, and food to and from cells within the body. The major components of the circulatory or cardiovascular system are blood, blood vessels, and the heart (Cardiovascular System Simplified, n.d.). Blood consists of cells and liquid plasma whileRead MoreModule 4: Microbiology936 Words   |  4 PagesSLP-MICROBIOLOGY ROLE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Entering human body is not easy. The bacteria and other harmful materials can enter human body either via food or cuts and injuries on the skin. However, there foreign agents are not always welcomed in the human body. There are immune cells that fight harmful agents. The immunity system in the human body identifies harmful microbes like bacteria, viruses, and others and provides defense to the body against these substances. There are antigens present in

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

The University of Illinois - 2154 Words

Is it possible to find the perfect college? Well I think that I have found mine. The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is a great college for me. It has all the aspects in a college that I am looking for. The University of Illinois has an interesting history and a prestigious reputation. It also has top of the line education, campus, and baseball program. The University of Illinois has some interesting history about it. It was founded in 1867 by John Milton Gregory, and started off with only two faculty members. Their enrollment increase after World War II. Gregory started his career off as Superintendent of Public Institution in Michigan in 1858. After his tenure in Michigan, Gregory became the president at Kalamazoo†¦show more content†¦They are made up of 17 colleges; however, they have 150 programs of study to choose from (Wikipedia Contributors). Their student-faculty ratio is 16:1, and 34% of the classes have less than 20 students. One of the colle ges is The College of Business. They are ranked 37th in Best Business Schools by United States News Best Grad School Rankings (Education Colleges). Also, they are ranked 14th in College of Business by University and College Rankings. The College of Business is going to be my chosen major. This is really important because I want to receive the best education possible. The College of Business has 7 major choices: Accounting, Business Administration, Business Process Management, Information System and Information Tech., Management, Marketing, and Supply Chain Management (U of I Review). The University of Illinois College of Business website states that, â€Å"In the college of Business at Illinois, a passion for excellence drives how we learn, teach, research, and engage in the business world. Our faculty, students, and alumni comprise an incomparable network of brilliant people setting the highest standards for leadership in the global economy. The state-of-the-art Business I nstructional Facility has earned the world’s highest honor for sustainable, environmentally friendly construction and design† (College of Business). The website is pointing out some of the positive aspectsShow MoreRelatedUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign600 Words   |  3 PagesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign In 1862 the Morrill Act was passed granting each state money and land for a university to be built. In 1867 Urbana was selected for the site of this new university. UIUC was opened on March 2nd, 1868 with the president of John Milton Gregory. There was only 2 faculty members and 77 students! (Maynard 6) The main subject for the university to teach was debated many years because of the Morrill Act quoting which to establish a major public state universityRead MoreHistory Of Western Illinois University1371 Words   |  6 Pages(Western Illinois University), a school full of students who are proud to bare the name Leathernecks. Western Illinois University is Located in Macomb, Illinois, Macomb Is about an hour or so from Virginia, Illinois. When you go to Western expect to come out as a great leader and empowered person to take lead and control of what you do in life(Western Illinois University 2017). Western is located in Macomb, Illinois, a small rural community. Macomb is located in Western/Central Illinois. It is withinRead MoreEastern Illinois University Essay1454 Words   |  6 PagesEastern Illinois University, also known as EIU, is a state college based in Charleston IL. Eastern Illinois University was founded in the year 1895 as a teaching school that focused on making educators out of the students. However, the school did not open to students until 1899. According to Eastern Illinois University 2017 the college now has over 150 majors and minors offered to the students that who attend the university. Eastern also has plenty of scholarship opportunities for the students,Read MoreThe University Of Illinois At Urbana Champaign1451 Words   |  6 PagesPALA JHANSI FM504 FINAL REPORT (GRADUATE) University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Task 1: About Institution The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is one of the first 37 public land-grant institutions made after President Abraham Lincoln signed the Morrill Act in 1862. It is the lead campus of the University of Illinois system. In the University of Illinois system this is the lead campus. They pioneer innovative exploration that handles overall issues and extends the human experience withRead MoreA Study On Southern Illinois University2136 Words   |  9 PagesSouthern Illinois University Carbondale Salukis Basketball). Although the joke about Southern Illinois University, Carbondale is making fun of the university, many people think of Southern Illinois University as one of the most prestigious schools in America. â€Å"SIU embraces a unique tradition of access and opportunity, inclusive excellence, innovation in research and creativity, and outstanding teaching focused on nurturing student success. As a nationally ranked public research university and regionalRead MoreAdverti sing Plan for the University of Illinois at Springfield1145 Words   |  5 PagesAdvertising Plan for the University of Illinois at Springfield BU 446-8: Advertising Renee A. Tesch April 18, 2010 I. Executive Summary This is the first comprehensive advertising plan for the University of Illinois at Springfield [ (UIS Strategic Plan, 2006) ] since 1992, when we were still known as Sangamon State University [ (UIS Strategic Plan, 2006) ]. The UIS has been part of the University of Illinois for 10 years, and it is time for fresh planning, new thinking and â€Å"Stretch Ideas†Read MoreIllinois State University Case Study715 Words   |  3 PagesNormal launched a new bike-sharing service that includes four rental stations on the Illinois State University campus. The on-campus bike stations are located at Cardinal Court, Schroeder Hall, Tri-Towers, and Watterson Towers. Strategy 4: Advance the University’s reputation through initiatives that promote the mission of the institution. Presidential Chats President Larry Dietz spoke to student groups throughout Illinois State about how private support helps enhance and expand academic excellence. TheseRead MoreIllinois State University Case Study715 Words   |  3 PagesNormal launched a new bike-sharing service that includes four rental stations on the Illinois State University campus. The on-campus bike stations are located at Cardinal Court, Schroeder Hall, Tri-Towers, and Watterson Towers. Strategy 4: Advance the University’s reputation through initiatives that promote the mission of the institution. Presidential Chats President Larry Dietz spoke to student groups throughout Illinois State about how private support helps enhance and expand academic excellence. TheseRead MoreCriteria For A Charter Chapter At Illinois State University1706 Words   |  7 Pages Section 3, continued 5. Criteria for chartering: To include minimum number of students pledged to establish a secure colony For our new chapter at Illinois State University, it is our goal to have a charter class of 145 members and average chapter size within one year of establishment. We are proud to say every new chapter has gone on to be installed. The expectations for the new chapter at ISU mirror the expectations Kappa Kappa Gamma has for each chapter. From the moment the new chapter is establishedRead MoreHow Safe is the Campus of University of Illinois?1674 Words   |  7 Pagesthe question â€Å"how safe is the campus?† raised to my mind for the first time. As I am worried about the campus safety, The Office of the Chief of Police sent an email which concerns about an aggravated robbery through crime alert system to my university email address. Along with this email there are two links for the crime videos captured by one of the security cameras. It was a bright afternoon on October 10, 2011 at approximately 4:19 pm, the victim was sitting at a table in front of the The

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Beowulf Movie Critic Free Essays

Beowulf Movie Critic Do you envision a strong female role or a male role as your hero? In my opinion the Beowulf movie was a thumbs up, due to Angelina Jolie’s use of seduction and female wiles. Angelina is a critical character who drives the plot. In the movie, her character of Grendel’s mother overshadows Beowulf‘s character as a hero. We will write a custom essay sample on Beowulf Movie Critic or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is in drastic contrast to the original poem ‘Beowulf’ because in the original, women were not valued and they had no important role. Grendel’s mother differs from the original, in three aspects; character, plot and theme. The difference between the characters from the original Beowulf poem to the movie is vast. Grendel’s mother in the movie was beautiful, for example ‘Beowulf’ Movie Review says, â€Å"The link between the early battles of a young hero and his fatal confrontation with the dragon as an aging king is his temptation by the monster’s mother who dangles wealth, power and sexual favors before his bedazzled eyes,† the writer reminds us of the beauty she portrays. In the poem readers are led to believe she looks monstrous; it is said that the warriors from Herot thought she looked like Grendel and also Beowulf is not one bit attracted to her. In the poem Grendel’s mother is a violent being who creates conflicts to avenge her son; she eats people and kills many of Hrothgar’s men. In the movie Angelina Jolie lures Beowulf with her sexuality and beauty; her strategy is seduction, as for in the poem Grendel’s mother is a monster who attacks Beowulf and drags him into the cave where they engage in combat; her strategy is direct attack. In my opinion the movie Beowulf was successful, whereas the poem was not. The role played as Grendel’s mother was more thought out. Her strategy was a wise one because not only did she live, but she is free to lure more men into her cave, where she will pursue to seduce and sin. Grendel’s mother changes the plot from beginning to end. If she had never seduced the king in the movie, then there would have never been the character Grendel. Without Grendel, Beowulf would have no reason to travel to Denmark on behalf of King Hrothgar’s request. King Hrothgar was sick and tired of Grendel savaging at night; he surmised Beowulf would save his kingdom. Grendel’s mother creates all conflict, for example she allures Beowulf knowing that lust was his weakness; where in the original ‘Beowulf’ she is an ugly lake monster with dragon claws, a long snout, yellow feathers, red eyes, a pale face and since Beowulf is not attracted, he defeats her. In the movie Grendel’s mother gives birth to a dragon, but this monster is also son of Beowulf. The plot was changed once again because in the poem the dragon was not Beowulf’s son and if it weren’t for Grendel’s mother’s promise to Beowulf, he would have not become king of Herot and would have not fallen in love with the queen. He chose to kill his evil son to save his love, the queen and his mistress. In the movie every victory was glorious. Each battle won is sung and celebrated. People remember you from your battles. In ‘Beowulf’ the poem, the theme is complete opposite. Christian element is used; battle is bad, and one was not known for battles, but how honest and faithful you were throughout your life. Beowulf’s morals were very different in the movie, because he was not using the Christian element, but was deceitful and unfaithful; for example, he lies about his battles and betrays the kingdom by fornicating with Grendel’s mother. Whereas in the poem he never did such thing. Contrary to the original Beowulf, the new film wants us to understand and humanize our monster. The changes of theme from story to movie give Beowulf a more modern feel. The movie was a real life depiction of the poem, which was a fantasy. In real life there is reality like sin. The movie is like a metaphor to the poem; we picture Grendel’s mother as an ugly creature, but she was not ugly; she was a monster within but not on the outside. ? How to cite Beowulf Movie Critic, Essay examples

Monday, May 4, 2020

My Parent Child Observation At A Restaurant Essay Example For Students

My Parent Child Observation At A Restaurant Essay I did my parent-child observation at a restaurant in Batesville Indiana. I went to a small family owned place called Wagner’s. I did my observation over Thanksgiving break after my family cut our Christmas tree down. This occurred on Saturday November 28th around 6pm. This is a place that I am relatively familiar with. I have been going there with my family every year since I was a young child. It is a pretty small restaurant. While one side has a bar, the other side is more family oriented. It is a child friendly place that has a small area that toddlers and young kids can play. It has coloring books and small toys. The parents I was observing were both white. The mother appeared to be in her early thirties. She had long brown hair and was about average height. She was wearing jeans and a sweater with boots. She seemed like a generally happy person. She smiled and laughed a lot. She appeared to be very invested in and attentive to her child. She gave her reinforcements and regularly repeated things that her daughter would say. The father was most likely in his mid thirties. He had short brown hair. He was also tall. He was wearing jeans and a sweatshirt with gym shoes. He also seemed pretty happy but he was not at into what his daughter was saying and doing. He would respond if she directly asked him something or said â€Å"dad,† but he did not go out of his way to communicate with her. Their daughter was a toddler most likely around the age of three. She had brown curly hair. She was wearing pink polka dot leggings with a black long sleeve shirt with sparkles on it. She was also wearing little boots. She seemed to be pretty content with being at the restaurant but she did have one short tantrum, which is pretty typical for her age. . .r can be difficult, because they are many times not willing to cooperate and will make a scene to get her way. Even through the little girl made a scene at the restaurant, her parents did not cave and stuck to what they said. This is something I feel is hard for parents to do, especially when in a restaurant with other families watching. One way that I would apply the information I learned from this observation to my real life would be to not be so judgmental of parents when their children throw tantrums in the restaurant. They are likely doing everything they can do to stop that tantrum and it is likely even more frustrating for them than it is for me. In addition, I learned that sometimes it is important to let children do what they want, but sometimes parents need to take a stand and say no. It is important to stay consistent once the parent has made a decision.

Sunday, March 29, 2020

Anton Chekhov Essays - Anton Chekhov, Dramaturges, Modernism

Anton Chekhov Essays - Anton Chekhov, Dramaturges, Modernism Anton Chekhov Anton Chekhov Life and Influences Anton Chekhov was born on January 29, 1860 in Taganrog, Russia, the third of six children. His father, Pavel, was a grocer and his mother, Yevgeniya, was the daughter of a cloth merchant. In1875 Pavel's business failed and, threatened with imprisonment, he fled to Moscow. Yevgeniya remained behind with Anton and his younger siblings, but soon lost the house to a local bureaucrat. At this point, she joined Pavel in Moscow taking all the children, with the exception of Anton whom she left behind to attend school and support himself. After completing his early studies, Anton received a scholarship to study medicine at the Moscow University and at this point reunited with his family. During this time, the family continued to be plagued by financial hardship. In an effort to help support them, Anton began to write humorous short stories for comic magazine. As time went by, Chekhov developed a love of writing, preferring this to the practice of medicine, and devoted himself to his craft. After 1880, his work shifted toward more serious subject matter and is filled with realistic views of the suffering of the poor, no doubt in memory of the struggles his own family had endured. Comments and Concepts An Upheaval is classified as a short story, but does not follow the traditional short story structure as defined by Freytag's Triangle. The story begins in medias res as Mashenka enters a household already in turmoil. Rather than at the beginning, the exposition takes place throughout the story as Mashenka's thoughts and actions reveal her background and place within the household. At the end of the story, the reader is left without resolution. This abrupt end to the action without an resolving the conflict is known as a zero ending. The story An Upheaval is a slice-of-life narrative. Chekhov offers a dispassionate observation of life within an upper-class household. There is no deep psychological profiles within the story; all the characters are merely stereotypes. The view is naturalistic, with the socioeconomic background of the characters influencing their every action. The lady of the house believes she is well within her rights to search her servant's quarters when her brooch has gone missing. When Mashenka is upset by the search, the maidservant Liza reminds her somewhat delicately of her place by stating still you are as it were a servant. An Upheaval displays a rite of passage. At the beginning of the story, Mashenka is a simplistic child. She believes herself to be more than a mere servant within the household. Mashenka feels personally violated when she discovers a search of her room has been made without her knowledge. Mashenka leaps into adulthood when she realizes that although she is hired help and is, therefore, in a lesser position she is still a person within her own right. Rather than allow them to violate her sense of personal integrity, Mashenka decides to leave. Key Quotations Mashenka went into her room, and then, for the first time in her life, it was her lot to experience in all its acuteness the feeling that is so familiar to persons in dependent positions, who eat the bread of the rich and powerful, and cannot speak their minds. Mashenka begins to recognize her place within the household and within society. She acknowledges that her life is controlled by others. Though you are a young lady, still you areas it werea servant Liza forces Mashenka to acknowledge that she is a servant like the rest of them, nothing more. I don't say she took the brooch, but can you answer for her? To tell the truth, I haven't much confidence in these learned paupers. The lady of the house removes all humanity from her servants. They are nothing more to her than beasts of burden. Forgive me, Nikolay Sergeitch, but I cannot remain in your house. I feel deeply insulted by this search! Mashenka reveals her new sense of self and personal integrity. Half an hour later she was on her way. The story ends without any true sense of closure. Relation to Current Culture Today a search without permission or warrant is a criminal offense. Even as a hired servant living within someone else's household, a person is entitled to his own personal space and privacy.

Saturday, March 7, 2020

Free Essays on Barbarian

, â€Å"an intermediate generation between gods and mortals.† (Herodotus, pg. xxx) Herodotus The Histories is an amazing work. This work is titled a history, but it is important to remember that a history is not just a telling of past events. Even the most objective histories contain the biases and personal prejudices of the author. Herodotus is no exception. Within his many detailed stories and events, the reader can clearly sense his thoughts of Greek supremacy. The ancient Greek people were very proud of their culture for many different reasons. A main source of pride, however, was the Greek style of art and architecture. The Greek culture was very rich around the time of the fifth and sixth centuries BC, influencing many other cultures that came in contact with it. One such culture was that of the Persians. The Greek force defeated the Persian force, lead by Xerxes, in 479 BC. After this battle, there is evidence of Persian art having som... Free Essays on Barbarian Free Essays on Barbarian Barbarian. Within the text of Herodotus, this term meant â€Å"a non-Greek.† Originally, this term was not meant to be offensive or negative, but over time the Greeks began to think of themselves as culturally superior to the barbarians. The Greeks believed in a concept called â€Å"guest-friendship.† Guest friendship was when one man (or community) would extend his protection to an outsider visiting his community. Guest friendship involved reciprocal gift giving and was a very formal procedure. This process was eternally under the protection of the great Greek deity Zeus. Though the ancient Greeks entertained guests from various locations and cultures, they held to the fact that their own Greek culture was entirely pure and of their invention. Ancient Greeks did not cite the influences of others on their fine art. Within the ancient Greek culture, the term â€Å"hero† referred to a mortal made divine after death. In other words, â€Å"an intermediate generation between gods and mortals.† (Herodotus, pg. xxx) Herodotus The Histories is an amazing work. This work is titled a history, but it is important to remember that a history is not just a telling of past events. Even the most objective histories contain the biases and personal prejudices of the author. Herodotus is no exception. Within his many detailed stories and events, the reader can clearly sense his thoughts of Greek supremacy. The ancient Greek people were very proud of their culture for many different reasons. A main source of pride, however, was the Greek style of art and architecture. The Greek culture was very rich around the time of the fifth and sixth centuries BC, influencing many other cultures that came in contact with it. One such culture was that of the Persians. The Greek force defeated the Persian force, lead by Xerxes, in 479 BC. After this battle, there is evidence of Persian art having som...

Thursday, February 20, 2020

THE FEDERAL BUDGET PROCESS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

THE FEDERAL BUDGET PROCESS - Research Paper Example BODY 1. The History of the Federal Budget process A. Changes made to the process Prior to 1921 Changes made to the process entail how the federal budget process was prior to the three laws, which govern it today. To begin with, preceding the 1921 budget and Accounting Act, the federal budget process was at the discretion of the Congress. The Congress made decisions on how much it was willing to impose as tax, expenditures to be incurred, and if there was need to borrow funds. This bill was taking for presidential accent each year. The enacted federal budget process could then be transferred to the Executive branch that was bestowed with the responsibility of its execution (Fischer, 1975). Budgetary, fiscal, and economic evolutionary changes necessitated the need for a more coordinated federal budget process. This saw the birth of the Federal Reserve System in 1913 that was aimed at coordinating monetary policies, controlling money supply, and centralizing the regulation of the bankin g system (Anderson, Davis & Gullo, 2003). Budget and Accounting Act 1921 The Act necessitated the need for the President to tender a particular consolidated budget each year for consideration by the Congress in bid to developing a synchronized federal budget process. This Act also brought into implementation the Bureau of the Budget that was aimed at making the presidents’ means of generating a tender more efficient. Consequently, this Act brought to existence the General Accounting Office the aided in accountability checks of the Congress. In addition, this Act provided regulations that inhibited agencies from proposing for supplementary appropriations (Anderson, Davis & Gullo,... The paper tells that the federal budget process has four main functions: responsible for the development of the macro fiscal policy attained through the determination of the proportion of the federal surplus or deficit. Secondly, the federal budget process plays a role in setting priorities across the competing programs and projects requiring the allocation of the limited resources. Thirdly, the federal budget process plays a role in promoting the accountability of agencies responsible for the implementation of fiscal goals contained in the budget. Finally, the federal budget process has a function in promoting consideration of the impacts made by decisions accrued today as pertains to the budget, and economies of the prospect. Federal budget process has evolved with time to accommodate the challenging economic situations. On relevance is the social security benefit, which has attributed to the increase in government deficit. This is since the federal government ends up incurring mor e expenses financing the elderly and compensating retired workers who are not bringing any income to the nation. The Congress has come up with alternatives to the social security benefit like the Individualized Retirement Account and Universal Pensions. Deficits in the federal budget process can be corrected by cutting on the expenditure and increasing the GDP every fiscal year. The federal budget process in bid to cushion itself has also implemented the budget cuts where there is less money in circulation affecting the individual expenditure.

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment - Essay Example Therefore, the government and private sector must work hand in hand in order to enhance cyber security. The government is justified in telling the private sector how to enhance or improve cyber security because there is urgent need to protect and secure our processors/computers , financial institutions, confidential information on national security and other significant aspects of the governments infrastructure (Kirby n.p). The government is calling on a tough government regulation of what is posted in the cyber space. The government understands that the computer systems needs to be secure because of the ever increasing function of information and the rapid growth in e-commerce area have made cyber security significant to the economy. In addition, cyber security is important to the functioning of safety essential systems like response to an emergency and to the guard of government’s infrastructure systems. The private sector have been opposing governments efforts to impose stricter regulation of cyber security but it is of great significance to protect the telecommunication sector and electric grid that is in the hands of the private sector. If a United States of America enemy attacked the computer system or networks that control these sectors, private organizations that own them would have to handle these network themselves without government’s aid. Such a situation will leave the United States of America infrastructure exposed and vulnerable in case of cyber war with its enemies (Kirby n.p). Private sectors should understand that the world has changed and that we are in an information society where data or information matters, therefore, as organizations, this makes them the front line not the support system in influencing and determining what is exposed or disseminated. The government released that private industry has been lacking behind in cyber security and that

Monday, January 27, 2020

Denture Adhesives in Prosthodontics- An Overview

Denture Adhesives in Prosthodontics- An Overview Dr Ranjith Kumar P, MDS; Dr Shajahan PA,MDS ; Dr Jyothis Mathew, MDS ABSTRACT Denture adhesives are used by an endless number of denture wearers and also by the dentists who fabricate them. Prescribing denture adhesives has been viewed by many prosthodontists as a means of compensating for deficiencies in clinical and technical procedures. Denture adhesives increase retention and thereby improve chewing ability, reduce wobble, improve comfort and confidence and reduce amount of food particles collecting under the dentures. Moreover, they undoubtedly provide the patients an increased sense of security and satisfaction. However, patients should use denture adhesives only on the advice of their dentists. INTRODUCTION Though their usage dates back to the late 18th century, they were first mentioned in dental literature in the 19th century. Earlier adhesives, formulated by mixing vegetable gums absorbed moisture from the saliva and swelled to a mucilaginous substrate that adhered to the mucosa of the mouth and the denture. Kapur’s 1 study in 1967 on 26 denture wearers, concluded that denture adhesives increased denture retention, thereby improving denture wearers’ incisive ability. Stafford and Russell, 2 using radio telemetry, measured the change in pressure, at the denture base-mucosa interface, with and without adhesives and found that denture adhesives allowed greater total occlusal pressure. The denture adhesives improved denture retention and stability (Tarbet et al 3), and found that patients perceived improved chewing ability, confidence and comfort, reduced wobble and collection of food particles under denture. Chew et al 4 determined the effectiveness of denture adhesive in improving the retention and stability of the complete maxillary denture in vivo using Kinseography. Abdelmelak and Michael 5 suggested that the denture adhesives acts as a cushion under complete denture; reducing the transmission of pressure and friction to the underlying mucosa. COMPOSITION The major constituents of denture adhesives can be broadly divided into three groups.6 Group 1 (Adhesive agents): Tragacanth, acacia, pectin, gelatin, methyl-cellulose, hydroxyl-methyl cellulose, Karaya Gum, sodium carboxyl-methyl cellulose and synthetic polymers (polyethylene oxide, acrylamides, acetic and polyvinyl). Group 2 (Anti-microbial agents) Sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, hexachlorophene and ethanol. Group 3 (Other agents) Plasticizers, wetting agents and flavouring agents such as oil of wintergreen, oil of peppermint, etc. Mechanism of Action Denture adhesives are supplied as paste, powder or cream. As the Adhesive powders absorb water, they swell to many times their original volume and the resulting anions are attracted to cations in the mucous membrane proteins. Sticky saliva thus formed increases the viscosity of the adhesive, thereby increasing the denture retention.7 Newer adhesive materials provide stronger bio-adhesive and cohesive forces. Free carboxyl groups formed by the hydration of adhesive such as methyl cellulose, hydroxyl methyl cellulose, sodium carboxyl-methyl cellulose or poly methyl vinyl-ether maleic anhydride (PVM-MA), etc. form electrovalent bonds that produce stickiness or bio adhesion. The increased viscosity of the adhesive creams result in their lateral spread excluding air and saliva thereby increasing the retention 8. Requirements of an ideal Denture Adhesive 9 Available as gels, creams and powders. Nontoxic, non-irritant, and biocompatible with the oral mucosa. It should have a neutral odour and taste. Easy application and removal from the tissue surface of the denture. Discourage microbial growth. Adhesiveness should be retained for 12-16 hrs. Increase the comfort, retention and stability of the denture Mode of application: Any residual adhesive should be removed from the tissue-bearing surface of the denture . The denture bearing tissues are wiped clean of any food debris. Wet dentures before application of adhesive. Small amounts of adhesive is applied to the tissue-bearing surface of denture. In the maxillary denture -Anterior alveolar ridge, the center of hard palate and posterior palatal seal region . In the mandibular denture apply to the sulcus of denture over the crest of the ridge extending from the anterior region sulcus to the distal extension. Denture should be seated and held in place firmly by hand pressure for 5-10 seconds. Gauze is used to remove excess adhesive . Patient is advised to close into centric occlusion several times to spread the adhesive as a thin even layer. Indications. Recording jaw relations and denture try in should be done using stable and retentive bases. The use of denture adhesive can stabilize the trail denture bases which show inadequate retention and stability due to various reasons. Use of adhesive will improve the accuracy of the denture try-in, and also decrease the patient apprehension about the fit of the final prosthesis. Use of adhesives in patients with compromised denture bearing areas adds to their confidence thereby increasing the ability to adapt to the new prosthesis. Immediate denture get loosened soon due to soft tissue healing and bony resorption requiring relining, rebasing, or a new denture fabrication. A soft liner used to augment the retention; comfort and function during the interim period are aided by the use of a denture adhesive. Reduced clinical findings of ulcers, tissue irritation, compression, and inflammation of the oral mucosa of denture wearers were seen with concomitant use of adhesives. Xerostomia in denture wearers either drug or radiotherapy induced can be alleviated with the use of denture adhesives. Stabilization of dentures in patients with hormonal changes and neuromuscular disorders such as myasthenia gravis, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease, etc., can be achieved with denture adhesives. Prosthesis to rehabilitate gross maxillofacial defects requires denture adhesives for retention. Denture adhesives are valuable adjuncts to the retention of radiation carriers or radiation protection prostheses. Usage of minimal amounts of adhesives provides high profile patients like attorneys, executives, speakers, etc. with psychological security in social situations. Contraindications Allergies to denture adhesives or any of its components. Gross inadequacies in retention and function. Excessive bone resorption and soft tissue shrinkage leading to loss of vertical dimension. Adhesives should not be used to retain fractured dentures or dentures with missing flange or with sectional fractures. Patients with inability to maintain proper hygiene of the denture should avoid use of denture adhesive. Conclusions Denture adhesives, when used properly are safe and beneficial to the patient in increasing retention and stability, enhanced comfort, improved function, and in providing psychological satisfaction. They should not be used as an aid to compensate for denture deficiencies even though adhesives enhance denture performance. Patients should not use denture adhesives inadvertently without proper guidance and instructions from the dentists.

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Lvmh Case Study

The key question in this case is can LVMH continue to successfully manages of its different brands while making sure they are all profitable. I like the focus that the company puts on its â€Å"star brands†. Focusing on the brands that continue to grow and bring in profits will help the company stay profitable. While focusing on the star brands is a good strategy it is far from all that LVMH needs to do to be a successful conglomerate. It appears that in the fashion world human resources are the most valuable asset that a company can have, and LVMH needs to do a much better job treasuring these assets.The conglomerate damages its image and its profitability by mistreating its creative talent. The conglomerate’s image is damaged because key creative personnel, which in a sense are the face of the different brands, leave and publicize why they left which tarnishes the conglomerate’s image thus making it harder to attract the best talent in the market. The conglomer ate’s profitability is jeopardized because they lose the designers that make the products that make the companies profitable.LVMH could strengthen their relationships with the smaller companies by creating incentive programs that not only compensate based on volume of sales but incentive programs that compensate based on sales growth and maintained profitability. With this new incentive program the company would have more opportunity to recognize the Michael Kors of the company. LVMH should focus more on economies of scope. In some cases like advertising it appears the conglomerate uses its size and power to reduce the cost to the individual companies; however I feel that the conglomerate could do much more to reduce costs and increase profits for the firms.They could be using their negotiating power to force suppliers into lower prices. They should encourage the individual companies to work together and provide ideas for each other this way they can strengthen relationships among the companies and create a more unified feel for the conglomerate. Finally LVMH should make sure that they are avoiding managerialism. They need to make sure the companies that are acquired are actually valuable to the conglomerate as a whole and that they are not cannibalizing profits from one or more of the current companies.

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Limiting Reagents Lab Essay

Problem: What mass of precipitate will form when 1.69g of CuCl2.2H20 reacts with 1.31g of aluminium? Aspect 3: Materials: > 150 mL beaker > Erlenmeyer Flask > 100ml Graduated Cylinder > Funnel; > Scoopula > Electronic Balance > Stir Rod > Aluminum Foil > CuCl2.2H20 > Distilled Water Procedure: Day 1 > Rinse beakerwith distilled water. > Mass 1.69g of CuCl2.2H2O. > Add to beaker and add 50mL of distilled water. > Mass aluminum. Fold in 1/2 & coil loosely. > Place in beaker and let sit overnight. Day 2 > Pull out Aluminum and rinse into beaker > Mass filter paper, put name on it > Put paper in funnel and funnel into the Erlenmeyer flas. > Pour in mixture. Rinse beaker three times. > Rinse funnel and paper twice. > Remove Paper and let dry overnight. Day 3 > Mass filter paper Data Collection and Processing (DCP) Aspect 1: Recording Raw Data: Mass of CuCl2.2H2O – 1.93g Mass of Al – ? (The massing of the aluminum was forgotten) Experimental mass of precipitate = .69g Aspect 2: Processing Data 2Al(s) + 3CuCl2.2H2O –> 3Cu(s) + 6H2O(l) + 2AlCl3(aq) m Al=1.93g M Al= 26.98 g/mol m 3CuCl2.2H2o = 1.69 g M 3CuCl2.2H2o = 152.47 g/mol (Chem 20 Data Booklet) m Cu = ? n CuCl2.2H2O = 1.93g / 170.49 g/mol n CuCl2.2H2O = .011320312 mol 3 mol CuCl2.2H2O = 3 mols Cu n Cu = .011320312 mol m Cu = .011320312 mol x 63.55 g/mol m Cu = .719g % yield = .69 / .719 = 96% Aspect 3: Experimental mass of Cu(s) precipitate = .69g Theoretical mass of Cu (s) precipitate = .719g % yield = 96% Conclusion and Evaluation (CE) Aspect 1: Conclusion: The mass of precipitate that forms when 1.93g of CuCl2.2H20 reacts with 1.31g of aluminum is .69 g. The % yield was 96%. The massing of aluminum was forgotten but when another piece was massed and the numbers were worked out, it was shown that there was an excess of aluminum and that the CuCl2.2H2O was the limiting reagent. Aspect 2: Evaluate: There were .029g of Cu precipitate less than expected. It is likely that some of the copper went into the Erlenmeyer or was stuck on the funnel. Despite thorough rinsing of the filter paper, some of the precipitate got through the filter paper and into the Erlenmeyer. Aspect 3 Improving Experimental Design: Instead of one piece of filter paper, two pieces should be used. This would lead to less precipitate going into the Erlenmeyer. Also, the water in the Erlenmeyer could be re-filtered.

Friday, January 3, 2020

Definition and Examples of Text in Language Studies

In linguistics, the term text refers to: The original words of something written, printed, or spoken, in contrast to a summary or paraphrase.A coherent stretch of language that may be regarded as an object of critical analysis. Text linguistics refers to a form of discourse analysis—a method of studying written or spoken language—that is concerned with the description and analysis of extended texts (those beyond the level of the single sentence). A text can be any example of written or spoken language, from something as complex as a book or legal document to something as simple as the body of an email or the words on the back of a cereal box. In the humanities, different fields of study concern themselves with different forms of texts. Literary theorists, for example, focus primarily on literary texts—novels, essays, stories, and poems. Legal scholars focus on legal texts such as laws, contracts, decrees, and regulations. Cultural theorists work with a wide variety of texts, including those that may not typically be the subject of studies, such as advertisements, signage, instruction manuals, and other ephemera. Text Definition Traditionally, a text is understood to be a piece of written or spoken material in its primary form (as opposed to a paraphrase or summary). A text is any stretch of language that can be understood in context. It may be as simple as 1-2 words (such as a stop sign) or as complex as a novel. Any sequence of sentences that belong together can be considered a text. Text refers to content rather than form; for example, if you were talking about the text of Don Quixote, you would be referring to the words in the book, not the physical book itself. Information related to a text, and often printed alongside it—such as an authors name, the publisher, the date of publication, etc.—is known as paratext. The idea of what constitutes a text has evolved over time. In recent years, the dynamics of technology—especially social media—have expanded the notion of the text to include symbols such as emoticons and emojis. A sociologist studying teenage communication, for example, might refer to texts that combine traditional language and graphic symbols. Texts and New Technologies The concept of the text is not a stable one. It is always changing as the technologies for publishing and disseminating texts evolve. In the past, texts were usually presented as printed matter in bound volumes such as pamphlets or books. Today, however, people are more likely to encounter texts in digital space, where the materials are becoming more fluid, according to linguists David Barton and Carmen Lee: Texts can no longer be thought of as relatively fixed and stable. They are more fluid with the changing affordances of new media. In addition, they are becoming increasingly multimodal and interactive. Links between texts are complex online, and intertextuality is common in online texts as people draw upon and play with other texts available on the web. An example of such intertextuality can be found in any popular news story. An article in The New York Times, for example, may contain embedded tweets from Twitter, links to outside articles, or links to primary sources such as press releases or other documents. With a text such as this, it is sometimes difficult to describe what exactly is part of the text and what is not. An embedded tweet, for instance, may be essential to understanding the text around it—and therefore part of the text itself—but it is also its own independent text. On social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter, as well as blogs and Wikipedia, it is common to find such relationships between texts. Text Linguistics Text linguistics is a field of study where texts are treated as communication systems. The analysis deals with stretches of language beyond the single sentence and focuses particularly on context, i.e. information that goes along with what is said and written. Context includes such things as the social relationship between two speakers or correspondents, the place where communication occurs, and non-verbal information such as body language. Linguists use this contextual information to describe the socio-cultural environment in which a text exists. Sources Barton, David, and Carmen Lee. Language Online: Investigating Digital Texts and Practices. Routledge, 2013.Carter, Ronald, and Michael McCarthy. Cambridge Grammar of English. Cambridge University Press, 2006.Ching, Marvin K. L., et al. Linguistic Perspectives on Literature. Routledge, 2015.